IPV4 and IPV6

“IP” stands for the Internet Protocol which refers to the communicational protocol or a packet transfer procedure of the Internet.


Every device which connects to the Internet uses a unique IP address which is an analogue of your home address. Pieces of data are transferred via the Internet from one machine to another, and they are called “packets”. The transfer of packets will be impossible if two machines communicating through the Internet did not have the IPs.


IPv4 is an older version of an internet address procedure. Now there are no more free IPv4 addresses, all of them are already busy and soon new users will not be able to dive into the Web. That is why there appeared the necessity to have a new version of an internet address procedure.


IPv6 provided us with free IPs for a thousand years ahead.
The IPv4 supports a 32 bit address that’s why if we count we had 2^32 IP addresses. IPv6 uses 128 bit address allowing maximum 2^128 available IPs.


Comparison table of an IPv4 and IPv6 features:

IPv4	IPv6
Addresses are 32 bits (4 bytes) in length.	Addresses are 128 bits (16 bytes) in length
Address (A) resource records in DNS to map host names to IPv4 addresses.	Address (AAAA) resource records in DNS to map host names to IPv6 addresses.
Pointer (PTR)resource records in the IN-ADDR.ARPA DNS domain to map IPv4 addresses to host names.	Pointer (PTR) resource records in the IP6.ARPA DNS domain to map IPv6 addresses to host names.
IPSec is optional and should be supported externally	IPSec support is not optional
Header does not identify packet flow for QoS handling by routers	Header contains Flow Label field, which Identifies packet flow for QoS handling by router.
Both routers and the sending host fragment packets.	Routers do not support packet fragmentation. Sending host fragments packets
Header includes a checksum.	Header does not include a checksum.
Header includes options.	Optional data is supported as extension headers.
ARP uses broadcast ARP request to resolve IP to MAC/Hardware address.	Multicast Neighbor Solicitation messages resolve IP addresses to MAC addresses.
Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) manages membership in local subnet groups.	Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD) messages manage membership in local subnet groups.
Broadcast addresses are used to send traffic to all nodes on a subnet.	IPv6 uses a link-local scope all-nodes multicast address.
Configured either manually or through DHCP.	Does not require manual configuration or DHCP.
Must support a 576-byte packet size (possibly fragmented).	Must support a 1280-byte packet size (without fragmentation).

Undo Send

Oops, hit "Send" too soon? Stop messages from being sent for a few seconds after hitting the send button.

Here’s one to help avoid all those “Oops!” moments. Google, being the awesome bunch of coders that they are, allow you to call back emails which you have just sent.
Steps to Undo the Message:

1) Go to Settings
2) Labs
3) Enable "Undo Send" functionality.
and done... :)

Next time you send an email accidentally, just call it back by clicking on Undo.

Wrong Mail address reflecting in email address lookup while drafting mails

People find issue with the Lotus Notes 8.x when they draft the eMail. They get automatic list name that they have wrongly added, in there past mails. 


Solution for this issue is you need to clear your recent contact from your address book, or you can disable this feature.


Recent Contacts feature can be disabled using any of the following methods: 


1. Use the following parameter in the client's notes.ini file: 
DisableDPABProcessing=1 


2. Make changes in the Contacts section of the user preferences: 
- Select File --> Preferences. 
- Choose Contacts on the left 
- Select "Do not automatically add names to the Recent Contacts view" on the right. 


3. Switch to Notes Basic type-ahead: 
In the main Notes menu, select File --> Preferences. 
Choose Basic Notes Client Configuration on the left. 
In the additional options, check "Disable type-ahead for all name fields and use the Notes Basic type-ahead". 


This reverts the type-ahead feature back to the Notes V6 and V7 type-ahead functionality and does not pull entries from the Recent Contacts view. 


You can also implement this change using a Desktop policy on the Preferences --> Miscellaneous tab. The setting is "Disable type-ahead for all name fields and use the Notes Basic type-ahead".



Note: These methods will prevent new entries from being added to the Recent Contacts view. If you already have existing Recent Contacts, they will continue to be suggested by type-ahead unless you delete the contents of the Recent Contacts view. 

CMD Tricks and useful

Here are some fun tricks used with cmd command:

1. If your RUN option is disabled and you want to execute cmd then try this. open notepad type command.com and save it as filename.bat. bouble click on it. and your cmd prompt will be displayed.
2. If you cant open regedit by run open notepad type regedit and save it as filename.bat double click on this and regedit window will open.
3. Use notepad to abort shutdown. Open notepad and type "shutdown -a" and save it as filename.bat. Now next time when your computer is about to shutdown double click on this bat file, your shutdown will be abort.
4. CMD fun - open notepad and type shutdown -r 15 and save as filename.bat this will restart your computer in 15 seconds if you want to use this for fun paste this file in system32 and see. computer will restart in every 15 second.

Use Pen Drive as ram memory in windows 7

Hi friends, Windows 7 and Windows vista comes with a ready boost option. 

"ReadyBoost" is a disk cache component of Microsoft Windows, first introduced with Microsoft's Windows Vista in 2006 and bundled with Windows 7 in 2009. It works by using flash memory, a USB flash drive, SD card, CompactFlash or any kind of portable flash mass storage system as a cache.

If you are using a high configuration PC, It doesn't show any effect on speed because if you are a normal user I think only a few times you use your full ram memory but if you are using an old pc with low ram memory(Like 512 MB or IGB) and harddisk & using vista or 7. It speed up your PC and you will see the result, reduced application data loading time, reduced shutdown and restart time and many more you can't imagine without High ram memory. How to use this feature

• Plug in your pendrive-> Format with NTFS or FAT32
• Now go to properties->Select ReadyBoost
• Check Use this device->Choose maximum space to reserve system speed
• Click on Apply and OK. 

Your readyboost PenDrive is ready Now to Use.

Change AM/PM with your Name

My friend saw in my system that it was showing time @ task-bar following with my name instead of AM/PM. So he ask me to tell him, and I thought I should share with other friends too.. so here the trick is....


Step1 :
Click Start --> Control Panel --> Regional and Language Option 


Step2 :
Click on Customize/Additional Setting -> Go to TIME Tab 


Step 3:
Change AM symbol and PM symbol from AM and PM to your name 


Step 4:


Click Apply -> Ok.


you are done :) enjoy

Hidden Applications in windows

Title : Private Character Editor
Application name : eudcedit.exe
Used for: Editing fonts, and other private characters!!!....



Title : Dr. Watson
Application name : drwtsn32.exe
Used for: This an inbuilt windows repairing software!!!....



Title : Media Player 5.1
Application name : mplay32.exe
Used for: Even if you upgrade your Media Player, you can still access your old player in case the new one fails !!!....




Title : iExpress
Application name : iexpress.exe
Used for: Used to create Setups, you can create your own installers wizard !!!....